Timeline of programming languages
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This is a record of notable programming languages, by decade.
Contents
• 1790s
• 1800s
• 1830s
• 1840s
• 1870s
• 1940s
• 1950s
• 1960s
• 1970s
• 1980s
• 1990s
• 2000s
• 2010s
• 2020s
• See also
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1790s
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1790 [ 1 ] | Jacquard loom (concept) [ 1 ] | Joseph Marie Jacquard | |
1800s
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1801 [ 2 ] | Jacquard machine (implementation) [ 2 ] | Joseph Marie Jacquard | none (unique language) |
1830s
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1837 [ 3 ] | BAB L1 [ 3 ] | Charles Babbage | Jacquard [ 4 ] |
1840s
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1843 [ 4 ] [ 5 ] | Note G [ 6 ] [ 4 ] | Ada Lovelace | unique language |
1870s
| Year | Name | Developer | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1879 | Begriffsschrift [ 7 ] | Gottlob Frege | none (unique language) |
1940s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1943–45/46 [ 8 ] | Plankalkül | Konrad Zuse | none (unique language) |
| 1943–46 | ENIAC coding system | John von Neumann , John Mauchly , J. Presper Eckert and Herman Goldstine after Alan Turing . | none (unique language) |
| 1946 | ENIAC Short Code | Richard Clippinger and John von Neumann after Alan Turing | none (unique language) |
| 1947–52 | ARC/Birkbeck Assembler | Kathleen Booth | ENIAC Short Code [ 9 ] |
| 1948 | Plankalkül (year of publication) | Konrad Zuse | |
| 1949 | EDSAC Initial Orders | David Wheeler | ENIAC coding system |
| 1949 | Short Code (originally known as Brief Code) | John Mauchly and William F. Schmitt | ENIAC Short Code |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1950s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | Short Code (for UNIVAC I) | William F. Schmitt | Short Code |
| 1951 | Superplan | Heinz Rutishauser | Plankalkül |
| 1951 | ALGAE | Edward A. Voorhees, Karl Balke | none (unique language) |
| 1951 | Intermediate Programming Language | Arthur Burks | Short Code |
| 1951 | Boehm unnamed coding system | Corrado Böhm | CPC Coding scheme |
| 1951 | Klammerausdrücke | Konrad Zuse | Plankalkül |
| 1951 | Stanislaus (Notation) | Fritz Bauer | none (unique language) |
| 1951 | Sort Merge Generator | Betty Holberton | none (unique language) |
| 1952 | Short Code (for UNIVAC II) | Albert B. Tonik, [ 10 ] J. R. Logan | Short Code (for UNIVAC I) |
| 1952 | A-0 | Grace Hopper | Short Code |
| 1952 | Glennie Autocode | Alick Glennie | CPC Coding scheme |
| 1952 | Operator programming | Alexey Andreevich Lyapunov with the participation Kateryna Yushchenko | MESM |
| 1952 | Editing Generator | Milly Koss | SORT/MERGE |
| 1952 | COMPOOL | RAND/SDC | none (unique language) |
| 1953 | Speedcoding | John W. Backus | none (unique language) |
| 1953 | READ/PRINT | Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman | none (unique language) |
| 1954 | Laning and Zierler system | J. Halcombe Laning , Niel Zierler, Adams at MIT Project Whirlwind | none (unique language) |
| 1954 | Mark I Autocode | Tony Brooker | Glennie Autocode |
| 1954 | ARITH-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 |
| 1954 | MATH-MATIC | Team led by Charles Katz | A-0 |
| 1954 | MATRIX MATH | H G Kahrimanian | none (unique language) |
| 1954 | IPL I (concept) | Allen Newell , Cliff Shaw , Herbert A. Simon | none (unique language) |
| 1954–55 | FORTRAN (concept) | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | Speedcoding |
| 1955 | Address programming language | Kateryna Yushchenko | Operator programming |
| 1955 | FLOW-MATIC | Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVAC | A-0 |
| 1955 | BACAIC | M. Grems, R. Porter | |
| 1955 | PACT I | SHARE | FORTRAN, A-2 |
| 1955 | Freiburger Code [ 11 ] [ 12 ] | University of Freiburg | — |
| 1955 | PRINT | IBM | |
| 1955–56 | Sequentielle Formelübersetzung | Fritz Bauer , Karl Samelson | Boehm |
| 1955–56 | IT | Team led by Alan Perlis | Laning and Zierler |
| 1956–58 | LISP (concept) | John McCarthy | IPL |
| 1957 | COMTRAN | Bob Bemer | FLOW-MATIC |
| 1957 | GEORGE | Charles Leonard Hamblin | none (unique language) |
| 1957 | FORTRAN I (implementation) | John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN |
| 1957 | COMIT (concept) | Victor Yngve | none (unique language) |
| 1957–58 | UNICODE | Remington Rand UNIVAC | MATH-MATIC |
| 1958 | FORTRAN II | Team led by John W. Backus at IBM | FORTRAN I |
| 1958 | ALGOL 58 (IAL) | ACM/GAMM | FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung |
| 1958 | IPL II (implementation) | Allen Newell , Cliff Shaw , Herbert A. Simon | IPL I |
| 1958 | IPL V | Allen Newell , Cliff Shaw , Herbert A. Simon | IPL II |
| 1959 | APT | Douglas T. Ross | |
| 1959 | FACT | Fletcher R. Jones , Roy Nutt , Robert L. Patrick | none (unique language) |
| 1959 | COBOL (concept) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT |
| 1959 | JOVIAL | Jules Schwartz at SDC | ALGOL 58 |
| 1959 | LISP (implementation) | Steve Russell | IPL |
| 1959 | MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder | Bruce Arden , Bernard Galler , Robert M. Graham | ALGOL 58 |
| 1959 | TRAC (concept) | Calvin Mooers | |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1960s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1960 | ALGOL 60 | | ALGOL 58 |
| 1960 | COBOL 61 (implementation) | The CODASYL Committee | FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN |
| 1960 | SAKO | Leon Łukaszewicz, et al. , Polish Academy of Sciences [ 13 ] | none (unique language) |
| 1961 | COMIT (implementation) | Victor Yngve | none (unique language) |
| 1961 | GPSS | Geoffrey Gordon, IBM | none (unique language) |
| 1962 | FORTRAN IV | IBM | FORTRAN II |
| 1962 | APL (concept) | Kenneth E. Iverson | none (unique language) |
| 1962 | Simula (concept) | Ole-Johan Dahl (mostly) | ALGOL 60 |
| 1962 | SNOBOL | Ralph Griswold , et al. | FORTRAN II, COMIT |
| 1963 | Combined Programming Language (CPL) (concept) | Barron, Christopher Strachey , et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | SNOBOL 3 | Griswold , et al. | SNOBOL |
| 1963 | ALGOL 68 (concept) | Adriaan van Wijngaarden , et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1963 | JOSS I | Cliff Shaw, RAND | ALGOL 58 |
| 1964 | MIMIC | H. E. Petersen, et al. | MIDAS |
| 1964 | COWSEL | Rod Burstall , Robin Popplestone | CPL, LISP |
| 1964 | PL/I (concept) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1964 | Basic Assembly Language | IBM | Assembly language |
| 1964 | BASIC | John George Kemeny , Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College | FORTRAN II, JOSS |
| 1964 | IBM RPG | IBM | FARGO |
| 1964 | Mark-IV | Informatics | |
| 1964 | Speakeasy-2 | Stanley Cohen at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy |
| 1964 | TRAC (implementation) | Calvin Mooers | |
| 1964 | P′′ | Corrado Böhm | none (unique language) |
| 1964? | IITRAN | | |
| 1965 | RPG II | IBM | FARGO, RPG |
| 1965 | MAD/I (concept) | University of Michigan | MAD , ALGOL 60 , PL/I |
| 1965 | TELCOMP | BBN | JOSS |
| 1965 | Atlas Autocode | Tony Brooker , Derrick Morris at Manchester University | ALGOL 60 , Autocode |
| 1965 | PL360 (concept) | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60 , ESPOL |
| 1966 | JOSS II | Chuck Baker, RAND | JOSS I |
| 1966 | ALGOL W | Niklaus Wirth , C. A. R. Hoare | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | FORTRAN 66 | John Backus and his team | FORTRAN IV |
| 1966 | ISWIM (concept) | Peter J. Landin | LISP |
| 1966 | CORAL 66 | I. F. Currie, M. Griffiths | ALGOL 60 |
| 1966 | APL (implementation) [ 14 ] | Kenneth E. Iverson | none (unique language) |
| 1967 | BCPL | Martin Richards | CPL |
| 1967 | MUMPS | Massachusetts General Hospital | FORTRAN, TELCOMP |
| 1967 | Simula 67 (implementation) | Ole-Johan Dahl , Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk Regnesentral | ALGOL 60 |
| 1967 | Interlisp | D.G. Bobrow and D.L. Murphy | Lisp |
| 1967 | EXAPT | Herwart Opitz, Wilhelm Simon, Günter Spur, and Gottfried Stute at RWTH Aachen University and TU Berlin | APT |
| 1967 | SNOBOL 4 | Ralph Griswold , et al. | SNOBOL3 |
| 1967 | XPL | William M. McKeeman, et al. at University of California, Santa Cruz J. J. Horning , et al. at Stanford University | PL/I |
| 1968 | ALGOL 68 ( UNESCO / IFIP standard) | Adriaan van Wijngaarden , Barry J. Mailloux , John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster , et al. | ALGOL 60 |
| 1968 | POP-1 | Rod Burstall , Robin Popplestone | COWSEL |
| 1968 | DIBOL -8 | DEC | DIBOL |
| 1968 | Forth (concept) | Moore | |
| 1968 | Logo | Wally Feurzeig , Seymour Papert , Cynthia Solomon | LISP |
| 1968 | MAPPER | Unisys | CRT RPS |
| 1968 | REFAL (implementation) | Valentin Turchin | none (unique language) |
| 1968 | TTM (implementation) | Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of Technology | GAP, GPM |
| 1968 | PILOT | John Amsden Starkweather , University of California, San Francisco | Computest |
| 1968 | PL360 (implementation) | Niklaus Wirth | ALGOL 60 , ESPOL |
| 1968 | PL/S (as Basic Systems Language) | IBM | Assembly language |
| 1969 | PL/I (implementation) | IBM | ALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN |
| 1969 | B | Ken Thompson , with contributions from Dennis Ritchie | Fortran [ 15 ] |
| 1969 | Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) | Thomas A. Standish at Harvard University | |
| 1969 | SETL | Jack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences | ALGOL 60 |
| 1969 | TUTOR | Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | |
| 1969 | Edinburgh IMP | Edinburgh University | ALGOL 60 , Autocode , Atlas Autocode |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1970s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | Forth (implementation) | Charles H. Moore | |
| 1970 | POP-2 | Robin Popplestone | POP-1 |
| 1970 | SAIL | Dan Swinehart, Bob Sproull | ALGOL 60 |
| 1970 | Pascal | Niklaus Wirth , Kathleen Jensen | ALGOL 60, ALGOL W |
| 1970 | BLISS | Wulf, Russell, Habermann at Carnegie Mellon University | ALGOL |
| 1971 | KRL | Daniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC , Terry Winograd at Stanford University | KM, FRL (MIT) |
| 1971 | Compiler Description Language (CDL) | Cornelis H.A. Koster at University of Nijmegen | |
| 1972 | Smalltalk -72 | Alan Kay , Adele Goldberg , Dan Ingalls , Xerox PARC | Simula 67 |
| 1972 | PL/M | Gary Kildall at Digital Research | PL/I, ALGOL, XPL |
| 1972 | C | Dennis Ritchie | B, BCPL, ALGOL 68 |
| 1972 | INTERCAL | Don Woods , James M. Lyon | none (unique language) |
| 1972 | Prolog | Alain Colmerauer | 2-level W-Grammar |
| 1972 | Structured Query language ( SQL ) | IBM | ALPHA, Quel (Ingres) |
| 1972 | SASL | David Turner at University of St Andrews | ISWIM |
| 1973 | COMAL | Børge Christensen, Benedict Løfstedt | Pascal, BASIC |
| 1973 | ML | Robin Milner | |
| 1973 | LIS | Jean Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell Bull | Pascal, Sue |
| 1973 | Speakeasy-3 | Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National Laboratory | Speakeasy-2 |
| 1974 | CLU | Barbara Liskov | ALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula |
| 1974 | GRASS | Thomas A. DeFanti | BASIC |
| 1974 | BASIC FOUR | MAI BASIC Four Inc. | Business BASIC |
| 1974 | PROSE modeling language | CDC 6600 Cybernet Services | SLANG, FORTRAN |
| 1974 | sed | Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs | ed |
| 1975 | ABC | Leo Geurts and Lambert Meertens | SETL |
| 1975 | PROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version | CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services | SLANG, FORTRAN |
| 1975 | Scheme | Gerald Jay Sussman , Guy L. Steele Jr. | LISP |
| 1975 | Altair BASIC | Bill Gates , Paul Allen | BASIC |
| 1975 | Modula | Niklaus Wirth | Pascal |
| 1976 | Smalltalk -76 | Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-72 |
| 1976 | Mesa | Xerox PARC | ALGOL |
| 1976 | Ratfor | Brian Kernighan | C, FORTRAN |
| 1976 | S | John Chambers at Bell Labs | APL, PPL, Scheme |
| 1976 | SAS | SAS Institute | |
| 1976 | Integer BASIC | Steve Wozniak | BASIC |
| 1977 | FP | John Backus | none (unique language) |
| 1977 | Bourne Shell ( sh ) | Stephen R. Bourne | none (unique language) |
| 1977 | Commodore BASIC | Jack Tramiel | BASIC |
| 1977 | IDL | David Stern of Research Systems Inc | Fortran |
| 1977 | Standard MUMPS | | MUMPS |
| 1977 | Icon (concept) | Ralph Griswold | SNOBOL |
| 1977 | Euclid | Butler Lampson at Xerox PARC , Ric Holt and James Cordy at University of Toronto | |
| 1977 | Applesoft BASIC | Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland | BASIC |
| 1978 | RAPT | Pat Ambler and Robin Popplestone | APT |
| 1978 | C shell | Bill Joy | C |
| 1978 | RPG III | IBM | FARGO, RPG , RPG II |
| 1978 | HAL/S | designed by Intermetrics for NASA | XPL |
| 1978 | Applesoft II BASIC | Marc McDonald and Ric Weiland | Applesoft BASIC |
| 1978? | MATLAB | Cleve Moler at the University of New Mexico | Fortran |
| 1978? | SMALL | Nevil Brownlee at the University of Auckland | Algol60 |
| 1978 | VisiCalc | Dan Bricklin , Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorp | none (unique language) |
| 1979 | TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) | Texas Instruments | BASIC |
| 1979 | Modula-2 | Niklaus Wirth | Modula, Mesa |
| 1979 | REXX | Mike Cowlishaw at IBM | PL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 |
| 1979 | AWK | Alfred Aho , Peter J. Weinberger , Brian Kernighan | C, SNOBOL |
| 1979 | Icon (implementation) | Ralph Griswold | SNOBOL |
| 1979 | Vulcan dBase-II | Wayne Ratliff | RETRIEVE |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1980s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815) | Jean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell Bull | ALGOL 68, Green |
| 1980 | C with classes | Bjarne Stroustrup [ 16 ] | C, Simula 67 |
| 1980 | Applesoft III | Apple Computer | Applesoft II BASIC |
| 1980 | Apple III Microsoft BASIC | Microsoft | Microsoft BASIC |
| 1980–81 | CBASIC | Gordon Eubanks | BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research |
| 1980 | Smalltalk -80 | Adele Goldberg at Xerox PARC | Smalltalk-76 |
| 1981 | TI Extended BASIC | Texas Instruments | TI BASIC (TI 99/4A) |
| 1981 | BBC BASIC | Acorn Computers , Sophie Wilson | BASIC |
| 1981 | IBM BASICA | Microsoft | BASIC |
| 1982? | Speakeasy-IV | Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing Corporation | Speakeasy-3 |
| 1982? | Draco | Chris Gray | Pascal , C , ALGOL 68 |
| 1982 | PostScript | Warnock | InterPress |
| 1982 | Turing | Ric Holt and James Cordy , at University of Toronto | Euclid |
| 1983 | GW-BASIC | Microsoft | IBM BASICA |
| 1983 | Turbo Pascal | Hejlsberg at Borland | Pascal |
| 1983 | Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A) | Jean Ichbiah at Alsys | Ada 80, Green |
| 1983 | Objective-C | Brad Cox | Smalltalk, C |
| 1983 | C++ [ 17 ] | Bjarne Stroustrup | C with Classes |
| 1983 | True BASIC | John George Kemeny , Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College | BASIC |
| 1983 | occam | David May | EPL |
| 1983? | ABAP | SAP AG | COBOL |
| 1983 | KornShell ( ksh ) | David Korn | sh |
| 1983 | Clascal | Apple Computer | Pascal |
| 1984 | CLIPPER | Nantucket | dBase |
| 1984 | Common Lisp | Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others | LISP |
| 1984 | Coq | INRIA | |
| 1984 | RPL | Hewlett-Packard | Forth , Lisp |
| 1984 | Standard ML | | ML |
| 1984 | Redcode | Alexander Dewdney and D.G. Jones | |
| 1984 | OPL | Psion | BASIC |
| 1985 | PARADOX | Borland | dBase |
| 1985 | QuickBASIC | Microsoft | BASIC |
| 1986 | Clarion | Bruce Barrington | |
| 1986 | CorVision | Cortex | INFORM |
| 1986 | Eiffel | Bertrand Meyer | Simula 67, Ada |
| 1986 | GFA BASIC | Frank Ostrowski | BASIC |
| 1986 | Informix-4GL | Informix | |
| 1986 | LabVIEW | National Instruments | |
| 1986 | Miranda | David Turner at University of Kent | SASL |
| 1986 | Object Pascal | Apple Computer | Pascal |
| 1986 | PROMAL | | C |
| 1986 | Erlang | Joe Armstrong and others in Ericsson | PLEX , Prolog |
| 1987 | Ada ISO 8652:1987 | ANSI/MIL-STD-1815A unchanged | Ada 83 |
| 1987 | Self (concept) | Sun Microsystems Inc. | Smalltalk |
| 1987 | occam 2 | David May and INMOS | occam |
| 1987 | HyperTalk | Apple Computer | none (unique language) |
| 1987 | Clean | Software Technology Research Group of Radboud University Nijmegen | none (unique language) |
| 1987 | Perl | Larry Wall | C, sed, awk, sh |
| 1987 | Oberon | Niklaus Wirth | Modula-2 |
| 1987 | Turbo Basic | Robert 'Bob' Zale | BASIC/Z |
| 1988 | Mathematica ( Wolfram Language ) | Wolfram Research | none (unique language), though borrowing some syntax from C and certain functionalities of lists from LISP |
| 1988 | Octave | | MATLAB |
| 1988 | Tcl | John Ousterhout | Awk, Lisp |
| 1988 | STOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos | BASIC |
| 1988 | Actor | Charles Duff, the Whitewater Group | Forth, Smalltalk |
| 1988 | Object REXX | Simon C. Nash | REXX, Smalltalk |
| 1988 | SPARK | Bernard A. Carré | Ada |
| 1988 | A+ | Arthur Whitney | APL, A |
| 1988 | Hamilton C shell | Nicole Hamilton | C shell |
| 1988–1989 | C90 | C90 ISO/IEC 9899:1990 | C |
| 1989 | Turbo Pascal OOP | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Turbo Pascal, Object Pascal |
| 1989 | Modula-3 | Cardeli, et al. DEC and Olivetti | Modula-2 |
| 1989 | PowerBASIC | Robert 'Bob' Zale | Turbo Basic |
| 1989 | VisSim | Peter Darnell, Visual Solutions | |
| 1989 | LPC | Lars Pensjö | |
| 1989 | Bash | Brian Fox | Bourne shell , C shell , KornShell |
| 1989 | Magik | Arthur Chance, of Smallworld Systems Ltd | Smalltalk |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
1990s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | Sather | Steve Omohundro | Eiffel |
| 1990 | AMOS BASIC | François Lionet and Constantin Sotiropoulos | STOS BASIC |
| 1990 | AMPL | Robert Fourer , David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell Laboratories | |
| 1990 | Object Oberon | H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer | Oberon |
| 1990 | J | Kenneth E. Iverson , Roger Hui at Iverson Software | APL , FP |
| 1990 | Haskell | | Miranda , Clean |
| 1990 | EuLisp | | Common Lisp , Scheme |
| 1990 | Z shell ( zsh ) | Paul Falstad at Princeton University | ksh |
| 1990 | SKILL | T. J. Barnes at Cadence Design Systems | Franz Lisp |
| 1991 | GNU E | David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey | C++ |
| 1991 | Oberon-2 | Hanspeter Mössenböck, Niklaus Wirth | Object Oberon |
| 1991 | Oz | Gert Smolka and his students | Prolog |
| 1991 | Q | Albert Gräf | |
| 1991 | Python | Guido van Rossum | Perl, ABC , C |
| 1991 | Visual Basic | Alan Cooper , sold to Microsoft | QuickBASIC |
| 1992 | Borland Pascal | | Turbo Pascal OOP |
| 1992 | Dylan | Many people at Apple Computer | Common Lisp , Scheme |
| 1992 | S-Lang | John E. Davis | PostScript |
| 1993? | Self (implementation) | Sun Microsystems | Smalltalk |
| 1993 | Amiga E | Wouter van Oortmerssen | DEX, C , Modula-2 |
| 1993 | Brainfuck | Urban Müller | P'′ |
| 1993 | LiveCode Transcript | | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | AppleScript | Apple Computer | HyperTalk |
| 1993 | K | Arthur Whitney | APL, Lisp |
| 1993 | Lua | Roberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-Rio | Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++ |
| 1993 | R | Robert Gentleman and Ross Ihaka | S |
| 1993 | ZPL | Chamberlain et al. at University of Washington | C |
| 1993 | NewtonScript | Walter Smith | Self, Dylan |
| 1993 | Euphoria | Robert Craig | SNOBOL, AWK, ABC, Icon, Python |
| 1994 | Claire | Yves Caseau | Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C , LORE, LAURE |
| 1994 | ANSI Common Lisp | | Common Lisp |
| 1994 | RAPID | ABB | ARLA |
| 1994 | Pike | Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping University | LPC , C , μLPC |
| 1994 | ANS Forth | Elizabeth Rather , et al. | Forth |
| 1995 | Ada 95 | S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics | Ada 83 |
| 1995 | Borland Delphi | Anders Hejlsberg at Borland | Borland Pascal |
| 1995 | ColdFusion (CFML) | Allaire | |
| 1995 | Java | James Gosling at Sun Microsystems | C , Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa |
| 1995 | LiveScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | Self, C , Scheme |
| 1995 | Mercury | Zoltan Somogyi at University of Melbourne | Prolog, Hope, Haskell |
| 1995 | PHP | Rasmus Lerdorf | Perl |
| 1995 | Ruby | Yukihiro Matsumoto | Smalltalk, Perl |
| 1995 | JavaScript | Brendan Eich at Netscape | LiveScript |
| 1995 | Racket | Matthew Flatt at Rice University | Scheme , Lisp |
| 1996 | CSS | Håkon Wium Lie and Bert Bos | SGML |
| 1996 | Curl | David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MIT | Lisp, C++ , Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML |
| 1996 | Lasso | Blue World Communications | |
| 1996 | NetRexx | Mike Cowlishaw | REXX |
| 1996 | OCaml | INRIA | Caml Light, Standard ML |
| 1996 | Perl Data Language (PDL) | Karl Glazebrook , Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian Soeller | APL, Perl |
| 1996 | Pure Data | Miller Puckette | Max |
| 1996 | VBScript | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 1997 | Component Pascal | Oberon Microsystems | Oberon-2 |
| 1997 | E | Mark S. Miller | Joule, Original-E |
| 1997 | Pico | Free University of Brussels | Scheme |
| 1997 | Squeak | Alan Kay , et al. at Apple Computer | Smalltalk-80, Self |
| 1997 | ECMAScript | ECMA TC39-TG1 | JavaScript |
| 1997 | F-Script | Philippe Mougin | Smalltalk, APL, Objective-C |
| 1997 | ISLISP | ISO Standard ISLISP | Common Lisp |
| 1997 | Tea | Jorge Nunes | Java , Scheme , Tcl |
| 1997 | REBOL | Carl Sassenrath , Rebol Technologies | Self , Forth , Lisp , Logo |
| 1998 | Logtalk | Paulo Moura (then at University of Coimbra ) | Prolog |
| 1998 | ActionScript | Gary Grossman | ECMAScript |
| 1998 | Standard C++ | ANSI/ISO Standard C++ | C++ , Standard C, C |
| 1998 | PureBasic | Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software | |
| 1998 | UnrealScript | Tim Sweeney at Epic Games | C++ , Java |
| 1998 | XSLT (+ XPath ) | W3C , James Clark | DSSSL |
| 1998 | Xojo (REALbasic at the time) | Xojo, Andrew Barry | Visual Basic |
| 1999 | C99 | C99 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 | C90 |
| 1999 | Gambas | Benoît Minisini | Visual Basic , Java |
| 1999 | Game Maker Language (GML) | Mark Overmars | Game Maker |
| 1999 | Harbour | Antonio Linares | dBase , Clipper |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
2000s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Join Java | G Stewart von Itzstein | Java |
| 2000 | DarkBASIC | The Game Creators | |
| 2000 | C# | Anders Hejlsberg , Microsoft ( ECMA ) | C , C++ , Java , Delphi , Modula-2 |
| 2001 | Joy | Manfred von Thun | FP , Forth |
| 2001 | AspectJ | Gregor Kiczales , Xerox PARC | Java , Common Lisp |
| 2001 | D | Walter Bright , Digital Mars | C , C++ , C# , Java |
| 2001 | Processing | Casey Reas and Benjamin Fry | Java , C , C++ [ 18 ] |
| 2001 | Visual Basic .NET | Microsoft | Visual Basic |
| 2001 | GDScript (GDS) | Juan Linietsky, Ariel Manzur (OKAM Studio) | Godot |
| 2001 | Shakespeare Programming Language | Jon Åslund, Karl Hasselström | |
| 2002 | Io | Steve Dekorte | Self , NewtonScript , Lua |
| 2002 | Gosu | Guidewire Software | GScript |
| 2002 | Scratch | Mitchel Resnick , John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman | Logo , Smalltalk , Squeak , E-Toys , HyperCard , AgentSheets , StarLogo , Tweak |
| 2003 | Nix | Eelco Dolstra | Miranda/SASL, Haskell |
| 2003 | Nemerle | University of Wrocław | C# , ML , MetaHaskell |
| 2003 | Factor | Slava Pestov | Joy, Forth, Lisp |
| 2003 | Scala | Martin Odersky | Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml |
| 2003 | C++03 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2003 | C++ , Standard C, C |
| 2003 | Squirrel | Alberto Demichelis | Lua |
| 2003 | Boo | Rodrigo B. de Oliveira | Python , C# |
| 2004 | Subtext | Jonathan Edwards | none (unique language) |
| 2004 | Alma-0 | Krzysztof Apt , Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica | none (unique language) |
| 2004 | FreeBASIC | Andre Victor | QBasic |
| 2004 | Groovy | James Strachan | Java |
| 2004 | Little b | Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School , Department of Systems Biology | Lisp |
| 2005 | Fantom | Brian Frank, Andy Frank | C# , Scala, Ruby, Erlang |
| 2005 | F# | Don Syme , Microsoft Research | OCaml , C# , Haskell |
| 2005 | Haxe | Nicolas Cannasse | ActionScript , OCaml , Java |
| 2005 | Oxygene | RemObjects Software | Object Pascal , C# |
| 2005 | PWCT | Mahmoud Samir Fayed | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | Seed7 | Thomas Mertes | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | fish | Thomas Mertes | none (unique language) |
| 2005 | HolyC | Terry A. Davis | C , C++ |
| 2006 | Cobra | Chuck Esterbrook | Python , C# , Eiffel, Objective-C |
| 2006 | Windows PowerShell | Microsoft | C# , ksh, Perl, CL , DCL , SQL |
| 2006 | OptimJ | Ateji | Java |
| 2006 | Fortress | Guy L. Steele Jr. | Scala , ML , Haskell |
| 2006 | Vala | GNOME | C# |
| 2007 | Ada 2005 | Ada Rapporteur Group | Ada 95 |
| 2007 | Agda | Ulf Norell | Coq , Epigram , Haskell |
| 2007 | QB64 | Galleon, QB64Team | QBasic |
| 2007 | Clojure | Rich Hickey | Lisp , ML , Haskell , Erlang |
| 2007 | LOLCODE | Adam Lindsay | none (unique language) |
| 2007 | Oberon-07 | Niklaus Wirth | Oberon |
| 2007 | Swift (parallel scripting language) | University of Chicago , Argonne National Laboratory | |
| 2008 | Nim | Andreas Rumpf | Python , Lisp , Object Pascal |
| 2008 | Genie | Jamie McCracken | Python , Boo , D , Object Pascal |
| 2008 | Pure | Albert Gräf | Q |
| 2009 | Chapel | Brad Chamberlain, Cray Inc. | HPF , ZPL |
| 2009 | Go | Google | C , Oberon , Limbo , Smalltalk |
| 2009 | CoffeeScript | Jeremy Ashkenas | JavaScript , Ruby , Python , Haskell |
| 2009 | Idris | Edwin Brady | Haskell , Agda , Coq |
| 2009 | Parasail | S. Tucker Taft, AdaCore | Modula , Ada , Pascal , ML |
| 2009 | Whiley | David J. Pearce | Java , C , Python |
| 2009 | Dafny | K. Rustan M. Leino | Java , Spec# |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
2010s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | Rust | Graydon Hoare, Mozilla | Alef , C++ , Camlp4 , Erlang , Hermes , Limbo , Napier, Napier88 , Newsqueak , NIL, Sather , Standard ML |
| 2011 | C11 | C11 ISO/IEC 9899:2011 | C99 |
| 2011 | Ceylon | Gavin King, Red Hat | Java |
| 2011 | Dart | Google | Java , JavaScript , CoffeeScript , Go |
| 2011 | C++11 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011 | C++ , Standard C, C |
| 2011 | Kotlin | JetBrains | Java , Scala , Groovy , C# , Gosu |
| 2011 | Red | Nenad Rakočević | Rebol , Scala , Lua |
| 2011 | Opa | MLstate | OCaml , Erlang , JavaScript |
| 2012 | Elixir | José Valim | Erlang , Ruby , Clojure |
| 2012 | Elm | Evan Czaplicki | Haskell , Standard ML , OCaml , F# |
| 2012 | TypeScript | Anders Hejlsberg , Microsoft | JavaScript , CoffeeScript |
| 2012 | Julia | Jeff Bezanson , Stefan Karpinski , Viral Shah , Alan Edelman , MIT | MATLAB , Lisp , C , Fortran , Mathematica [ 19 ] (strictly its Wolfram Language ), Python , Perl , R , Ruby , Lua [ 20 ] |
| 2012 | P | Vivek Gupta, Ethan Jackson, Shaz Qadeer, Sriram Rajamani, Microsoft | |
| 2012 | Ada 2012 | ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012) | Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 |
| 2013 | P4 | P4 Language Consortium ( P4.org ) | |
| 2013 | PureScript | Phil Freeman | Haskell |
| 2013 | Hopscotch | Hopscotch Technologies | Scratch |
| 2013 | Cuneiform | Jörgen Brandt | Swift (the parallel scripting language) |
| 2013 | Lean | Microsoft Research | ML , Coq , Haskell , Agda |
| 2013 | Hy | Paul Tagliamonte | Python , Lisp , Clojure |
| 2014 | Crystal | Ary Borenszweig, Manas Technology Solutions | Ruby , C , Rust , Go , C# , Python |
| 2014 | Hack | Facebook | PHP |
| 2014 | Swift | Apple Inc. | Objective-C , Rust , Haskell , Ruby , Python , C# , CLU |
| 2014 | C++14 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014 | C++11 , Standard C, C |
| 2014 | Solidity | Gavin Wood , Ethereum | JavaScript , C++ , Python |
| 2015 | Raku | Larry Wall , The Rakudo Team | Perl , Haskell , Python , Ruby |
| 2015 | Zig | Andrew Kelley | C , C++ , LLVM IR , Go , Rust |
| 2016 | Reason | Jordan Walke | JavaScript , OCaml [ 21 ] |
| 2016 | Ring | Mahmoud Samir Fayed | Lua , Python , Ruby , C , C# , BASIC , QML , xBase , Supernova [ 22 ] |
| 2017 | C++17 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2017 | C++14 , Standard C, C |
| 2017 | AssemblyScript | The AssemblyScript Project [ 23 ] | JavaScript , TypeScript , WebAssembly |
| 2017 | Ballerina | WSO2 , open source [ 24 ] | Java , JavaScript , Go , Rust , C# |
| 2017 | Q# | Microsoft | C# , F# , Python |
| 2018 | C17 | ISO/IEC 9899:2018 | C11 |
| 2018 | Fortran 2018 | ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2150:2018 | Fortran 2008 |
| 2019 | Bosque | Mark Marron, Microsoft | JavaScript , TypeScript , ML |
| 2019 | V (Vlang) | Alexander Medvednikov | C , Go , Kotlin , Oberon , Python , Rust , Swift |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
2020s
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | C++20 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2020 | C++17 , Standard C, C |
| 2021 | Microsoft Power Fx | Vijay Mital, Robin Abraham, Shon Katzenberger, Darryl Rubin, Microsoft | Excel formulas |
| 2022 | Carbon | Google | C++ , Rust , Swift , Zig , Kotlin , Haskell |
| 2023 | Mojo | Modular | Python , Rust , Cython , C , C++ , CUDA , Swift, Zig |
| 2023 | Ada 2023 | ISO/IEC 8652:2023 | Ada 2012 / ISO/IEC 8652:2012 |
| 2023 | Fortran 2023 | ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 2023 | Fortran 2018 |
| 2024 | Gleam | Louis Pilfold, Fly.io | Erlang , Elixir , Elm , Rust , Go , OCaml , JavaScript |
| 2024 | C++23 | C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2024 | C++20 , Standard C, C |
| 2024 | C23 | ISO/IEC 9899:2024 | C17 |
| Year | Name | Chief developer, company | Predecessor(s) |
See also
References
cite-note-knight-11. citerefedward-h-knight1874-1875Edward H. Knight (1874–1875). "THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC (Second Paper) MECHANICAL PROGRESS Crompton's Fancy Loom". In Alden, Henry Mills (ed.). Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Vol. L. 327-335 Pearl street, Franklin Square: Harper & Brothers (published 1875). p. 91 – via Cornell University Library: Google Books. Jacquard, of Lyon, is reported to have conceived the idea in 1790, and in 1801 he received from the National Exposition a bronze medal for his invention of a machine for figure-weaving, which he patented{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
cite-note-geselowitz-22. "The Jacquard Loom: A Driver of the Industrial Revolution". computerhistory.org. Computer History Museum. In Lyon, France, Joseph Marie Jacquard (1752-1834) demonstrated in 1801 a loom that enabled unskilled workers to weave complex patterns in silk. citerefmichael-n-geselowitz2019Michael N Geselowitz (1 January 2019). "1801: Punched cards control Jacquard loom". ieee.org. IEEE. At an industrial exhibition in Paris in 1801, Jacquard demonstrated "Métier à tisser de Jacquard". bnf.fr. BnF. En 1801, cet ingénieur de Lyon équipe le métier à tisser d'un mécanisme en fonte qui sélectionne les fils de chaîne grâce à un programme inscrit sur une carte perforée. "BROCADE". Supplement to Encyclopedia Britannica. (NINTH EDITION.) A DICTIONARY OF ARTS SCIENCES AND GENERAL LITERATURE. Vol. 1 (9 ed.). H.G. Allen (published 1833). 1888 – via Google Books. Until the invention of the Jacquard attachment to the loom in the year 1801, embroidered silk goods were called brocades.
cite-note-rojas-33. citerefraul-rojas2024Raul Rojas (13 May 2024). "The First Computer Program". acm.org. ACM.
cite-note-hollingsmartinrice-44. citerefchristopher-hollingsursula-martinadrian-rice2018Christopher Hollings; Ursula Martin; Adrian Rice (26 July 2018). "Ada Lovelace and the Analytical Engine". bodleian.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford.
cite-note-55. citerefamy-ackerberg-hastingshardy-grantAmy Ackerberg-Hastings; Hardy Grant. "CMS Notes". math.ca. Canadian Mathematical Society.
cite-note-66. citerefanna-siffertAnna Siffert. "Ada Lovelace and the first computer programme in the world". mpg.de. Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.(ed.: erratum/corrigendum: "1848")
cite-note-77. citerefshapiro2024Shapiro, Alan N. (2024). "Introduction". Decoding Digital Culture with Science Fiction Hyper-Modernism, Hyperreality, and Posthumanism. transcript Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 9783839472422. logic that enabled the invention of the digital-binary computer by Alan Turing" - "began with Gottlob Frege's Begriffsschrift
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cite-note-99. "ARC - Assembler for Booth". hopl.info. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
cite-note-1010. UNIVAC conference, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota. 171-page transcript of oral history with computer pioneers, including Albert B. Tonik, involved with the Univac computer, held on 17–18 May 1990.
cite-note-1111. "Der Freiburger Code auf der Zuse" (in German). Retrieved 26 October 2014.
cite-note-1212. citerefh-zuseH. Zuse. "Z22". Retrieved 26 October 2014.
cite-note-1414. citerefsmillieSmillie, Keith. "Kenneth E. Iverson – A.M. Turing Award Winner". ACM.
cite-note-1515. "Ken Thompson interviewed by Brian Kernighan at VCF East 2019". YouTube. 6 May 2019.
cite-note-1616. "Tour : Standard C++". isocpp.org.
cite-note-invention3-1717. citerefstroustrup2010Stroustrup, Bjarne (7 March 2010). "Bjarne Stroustrup's FAQ: When was C++ invented?". stroustrup.com. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
cite-note-1818. "Arduino Reference". www.arduino.cc.
cite-note-1919. "Why We Created Julia". Julia website. February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
cite-note-2020. "Introduction". The Julia Manual. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016.
cite-note-2121. Simple, fast & type safe code that leverages the JavaScript & OCaml ecosystems: facebook/reason, Facebook, 24 March 2019, retrieved 24 March 2019
cite-note-the-ring-programming-language-and-other-languages-2222. citerefring-team2021Ring Team (23 October 2021). "The Ring programming language and other languages". ring-lang.net.
cite-note-as-wg-2323. citerefthe-assemblyscript-project2020The AssemblyScript Project (24 April 2020). "AssemblyScript Working Group". GitHub.com. AssemblyScript Project. Retrieved 10 February 2021. Daniel Wirtz (@dcodeIO) - Author of AssemblyScript
cite-note-2424. "The Ballerina Programming Language". GitHub. 25 November 2019.
External links
• Online Historical Encyclopaedia of Programming Languages
• Diagram & history of programming languages
• Eric Levenez's timeline diagram of computer languages history